Topic: Today’s News

Public statement by Kukpi7 (Chief) Judy Wilson on behalf of the Neskonlith Indian Band regarding Rejection of the Secwépemc – B.C. Government-to-Government (Qwelminte) Letter of Commitment (LOC) and continued opposition to Canada’s ownership of the Trans Mountain Pipeline and its expansion project. 

SUMMARY OF STATEMENT 

• We confirm we continue to support the “Secwepemc Peoples Declaration on Protecting Our Land and Water against the Kinder Morgan [now TMX] Trans Mountain Pipeline” made in June 2017, at a Secwepemcúlecw Assembly held in Clearwater, June 2017. 

• We the Skat’sin te Secwépemc Neskonlith wish to state unequivocally that our members in no way waive our respective Aboriginal rights, including title, in our traditional territory, Secwepemcúlecw, within what is now asserted to be the province of B.C. and as shown in the attached Map and Secwépemc Warning Notice Re: Non-Consensual Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project (Appendix A).

• We confirm that we reject the 2019 Secwepemc – BC Government to Government (Qwelminte) Letter of Commitment (LOC) for a number of reasons, including that, sections 10.5 and…10.9 of the LOC; essentially surrenders control over land and resource management within Secwepemc Aboriginal Title and Rights Territory to the government of B.C.”.

• We confirm that we reject the 2019 BCTC Treaty Negotiation Policy, because it is still based on the colonial Doctrine of Discovery and the de facto extinguishment of Secwépemc Title and Rights.

• We also reaffirm the Skat’sin te Secwépemc Neskonlith opposition to the Trans Mountain Pipeline, Canada’s purchase of the Trans Mountain Pipeline and Canada’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project.

We confirm that in 1999, Neskonlith (and Adams Lake) have completed a joint Traditional Use Study (TUS) entitled “Land Traditions of the Neskonlith and Adams Lake Shuswap”1 documenting Neskonlith (and Adams Lake) Secwépemc culture and connection to Secwepemcúlecw, our sacred homeland located within the Interior Plateau and the Alpine Unit.

• We confirm our TUS Report resulted in three important research products regarding Neskonlith (and Adams Lake) Land Traditions and Land Rights as a foundation for more research:

1. A Historical Report on Government Land and Resource Policy. 2. An adaption of a “human ecology system of landscape classification” for seven landscapes (Alpine Unit, Montane Parkland Unit, Montane Forest Unit, Intermediate Grasslands Unit, River Terraces and Floodplain Unit, River Valleys Unit) used by the Neskonlith Secwépemc, each Shuswap family needs access to no less than seven quite different habitats for plants and animals important in Shuswap economies. 3. A set of current use maps showing different layers of Neskonlith (and Adams Lake) Secwépemc land-use information: Big Game hunting sites, Small Game hunting sites, Trapping sites, Fishing sites, Plant-Gathering sites, Fixed Cultural Sites, Overnight Habitation sites and Meadows for livestock. 

• Our joint TUS Report has confirmed our Neskonlith Secwépemc used—and despite the disturbances by settler colonial occupation of our sacred homeland—our Neskonlith Secwépemc continue to use all of Secwepemcúlecw not remaining confined by the seven “divisions” described by anthropologist, James Teit, but occupying and using the seven landscape units that cover Secwepemcúlecw.

• We acknowledge that in their book “Secwépemc Peoples, Land and Laws”, Marianne and Ron Ignace have explained and confirm that the concept of “divisions” of Secwepemcúlecw was actually anthropologist, James Teit’s, colonial interpretation of a land tenure system and is not a Secwépemc governing law. 

• We confirm that our language and oral history, which includes the substance of Secwépemc laws is the proper basis for understanding Secwépemc land traditions. The book by Marianne and Ron Ignace also confirms Secwepemcúlecw is collectively held by the proper Title Holders, the Secwépemc People’s.

• We therefore reject anthropologist, James Teit’s, colonial interpretation of “divisions”, which are used in the LOC Qweminte Secwépemc Territory Map. (Appendix B)

We also reject the use of Teit’s colonial concept of “divisions” now being interpreted by a number of Secwépemc Kukpi7’s, who signed the B.C. LOC, as being their exclusive areas/zones to govern by attempting to restrict the mobility, occupation and use of Secwepemcúlecw by Secwépemc People’s, including our Secwépemc community members. This will negatively affect access, use and occupation of Secwepemcúlecw for hunting, fishing, harvesting of plants for food and medicine, among other Secwépemc activities.  

• We must therefore respectfully disagree with the July 9, 2020, “Joint Statement of Simpcw and Tk’emlups te Secwepemec” made by the two Kukpi7’s for the following reasons: 

– First of all, it is the Secwépemc People’s who are the proper Title holders and decisionmakers and in accordance with our Inherent Secwépemc laws, legal orders and jurisdiction, the members of our Secwepemc Nation hosted a Secwepemcul’ecw Assembly in June 2017 and issued a “Secwepemc Peoples Declaration on Protecting Our Land and Water against the Kinder Morgan [now Canadian owned] Trans Mountain Pipeline”.

– Secondly, in their Joint Statement Simpcw and Tk’emlups te Secwepemec, state that they have given “free, prior, informed consent” to the Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project “[i]n accordance with our governing processes”. Since these two Kukpi7’s—like our Council—are operating through the Indian Act, and since the Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project is located off-reserve, even the Canadian courts—which are in a conflict of interest—recognize that Aboriginal Title and Rights are held collectively by the Indigenous People’s, not by one or two Indian Act bands.

• Since the “Joint Statement of Simpcw and Tk’emlups te Secwepemc” was issued in violation of our Inherent Secwépemc laws, legal orders and jurisdiction, we cannot accept the “Joint Statement of Simpcw and Tk’emlups te Secwepemc” as being legitimate.

VANCOUVER, B.C., July 20, 2020 ­- The British Columbia Economic Development Association (BCEDA) is focused on supporting communities and their economic recovery post-COVID.  The pandemic has provided an opportunity for the development of new course material as economies face increasingly unprecedented challenges like never before.  It is a crucial time for communities to understand and respond to the need for growing strong local economies. 
 
BCEDA is the most experienced organization in British Columbia on issues related to economic recovery.  In 2012, the British Columbia Economic Development Association established the Economic Disaster Recovery Program following the Burns Lake Mill Explosion. Following this work, BCEDA was asked to assist the International Economic Development Council and the US Department of Commerce in refining the US Economic Recovery Framework. Since then, BCEDA has participated in economic disaster recovery worldwide – 2013 Southern Alberta floods, 2017/18 BC wildfires, US Virgins Islands, Flin Flon, MB, Grand Forks, BC, and the US Mariana Islands. While each disaster is unique, the basics are the same. Residents, businesses and communities are impacted, and require support to help them recover. Programs must be developed to meet the immediate needs of the community. One program does not necessarily work in every jurisdiction of the province.  BCEDA has developed workshops to help communities be better prepared to overcome the economic impacts of disasters.
 
The suite of workshops that BCEDA has developed are designed for economic development professionals and elected leaders in local, regional and Indigenous communities.  Topics include Business Engagement in a Post-COVID19 Environment, Investment Attraction in a Post-COVID19 Environment, Economic Development for Local Leaders and Making Economic Resiliency and Recovery the New Norm. Training can be delivered virtually or in-person, adhering to social distancing measures with under 50 capacity. More information is available here: https://www.bceda.ca/professional_development_catal.php
 
The launch of these new workshops is just another step that BCEDA is taking to help communities and businesses overcome the challenges faced by COVID19.  Since March 12^th, BCEDA has been offering regular email bulletins, hosting webinars, working with communities, and providing business resources including assisting in the expansion of Support Local BC, BC BusinessCounts, and more at https://www.bceda.ca/coronavirus.php. 

In partnership with The Shoebox Project they will be sending all gift cards purchased on their website between July 15th – Aug 15th to Indigenous women in Yukon. 
Did you know:

• Between 2001-2014 in Yukon, the rate of female homicides for Aboriginal females was 12 times higher than the rate of female homicide for on-aboriginal females
• In a 2018 point-in-time count, 82% of the homeless population in Whitehorse identified as Indigenous
• In Yukon, 264 women were victims of police-reported domestic violence in 2018 – More than 3 times higher than the national rate.

Three ways to donate a Gift Card :

1. BUY NOW: Purchase a gift card
2. By Email: Purchase a gift card for another local business and email it toinfo@natoa.ca
3. By Mail: Purchase a physical gift card and mail it to:

NATOA 468 New Credit Rd. RR6 Hagersville ON N0A1H0

The Shoebox Project for Women is a registered charity that collects and distributes gift-filled Shoeboxes to women impacted by homelessness in communities across Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. For women who have been displaced from their homes and estranged from their families, special occasions can be particularly challenging. Often, women report feeling disconnected from society, invisible and alone. A Shoebox gift is a powerful reminder for a woman that she has not been forgotten and that she remains a valued and respected member of her community.

July 17, 2020 – Penetanguishene, ON

On July 18, 2020, WWII Métis Veteran Alcide Joseph Alzear Duval will receive thanks from the Métis Nation, a $20,000 Recognition Payment, and an apology from Canada in Penetanguishene, ON.  The Recognition Payment is part of the Métis Veterans Legacy Program established in partnership with the Trudeau government to commemorate forgotten Métis soldiers.   Veteran Duval is the 26^th WWII Métis Veteran to receive a Recognition Payment as part of the Legacy Program.

On behalf of Métis Nation Minister responsible for Veterans and MNC National Spokesperson David Chartrand, the President of the Métis Nation of Ontario Veterans Council Brian Black will visit Penetanguishene, Ontario to present the apology, Recognition Payment, a hand crafted traditional Métis beaded broach along with the Nation’s ceremonial Métis Sash to Veteran Duval.

On September 10, 2019, the Honourable Lawrence MacAulay, Minister of Veteran Affairs Canada issued an apology to the WWII Métis Veterans on behalf of Canada.

“As Minister responsible for Veterans, I have stood side by side with our WWII Métis Veterans for the past two decades to seek justice.  I thank Prime Minister Trudeau and Minister MacAulay for keeping Canada’s promise to honour the sacrifices and contributions of our WWII Métis Veterans,”  states Minister Chartrand.  “While our Métis WWII Veterans have waited three quarters of a century to take their rightful place as heroes of Canada, the legacy we have created together will last into perpetuity.  Our heroes today, tomorrow and forever.”

Veteran Alcide Joseph Alzear Duval was born on November 10, 1925. He served as a rifleman in the Canadian Royal Regiment during the war.  He was awarded the France-Germany Star and the Canadian Volunteer Service Medal and Clasp. After the war he served in the Queens Own Rifles in Germany. He worked at the Wooden Box Company after his service.  He is a fisherman and hunter. He favorite past time has been making lawn ornaments.  He was married with two children and has numerous grandchildren and two great grandchildren.

July 17, 2020 — Ottawa, Traditional Algonquin Territory, Ontario — Indigenous Services Canada

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic both the Honourable Marc Miller, Minister of Indigenous Services, and Dr. Tom Wong, Chief Medical Officer of Public Health, have been providing regular updates to media.

In lieu of an in-person briefing this week, Indigenous Services Canada (ISC) is providing the following COVID-19 update.

As the summer months bring warmer weather across many of the provinces, it is a great opportunity to go out on the land. Outdoor activities can be beneficial for mental and physical health, so long as people remember to take some simple actions to prevent the spread of COVID-19 during these outings by limiting the size of group gatherings and maintaining a physical distance of at least 2 arms from others (approximately 2 metres or 6 feet).

Additionally, within communities and across the country, individuals can help by:

• avoiding all non-essential trips in the community;
• wearing a non-medical mask when physical distancing is not possible; and
• limiting contact with people at higher risk, such as Elders, those in poor health, or with underlying health conditions.

 The COVID-19 curve continues to flatten in First Nation, Inuit and Métis communities as leaders work tirelessly to make sure their community members have access to the most up-to-date public health information and to advocate for the support of their communities. To improve these efforts, some regional health authorities and First Nations are working toward sharing more COVID-19 data for analysis and release as desired, in support of self-determination.

On First Nations communities in provinces, as of July 16, ISC is aware of:

• 352 confirmed positive cases of COVID-19
• 30 hospitalizations
• 314 recovered cases

There is a total of 17 confirmed positive cases in Nunavik, Quebec, and all have recovered.

While these are positive developments, individuals and communities need to remain vigilant in employing measures to protect themselves, their families and communities.

The Government of Canada continues to work with and support First Nations, Inuit and Métis leaders and communities, at each stage of the pandemic, to ensure that we meet ongoing needs, fill gaps when preventing and responding to COVID-19, and assist sectors of these economies so that they are all able to recover from this pandemic.

ISC is supporting communities’ COVID-19 response plans by strengthening health service capacity, community health infrastructure, infection prevention and control, and responding to requests for medical equipment and other supplies.

Last week, $2,657,560 was announced to support the Nishnawbe Aski Nation (NAN) Mental Health and Addictions Pandemic Response Program, a unique community-driven, First Nation-led initiative responding to the specific health needs of community members in northern Ontario. It will identify mental health and wellness services that are already available, and bridge the existing gaps, so that every individual can have access to culturally safe and community-based mental health services when needed.

We are also working directly with communities to identify surge health infrastructure needs to support the capacity to screen, triage, and isolate in the event of possible COVID-19 outbreaks, and to accommodate additional health professional staff deployed to communities to respond to COVID-19. This includes funding the re-tooling of existing community spaces and procuring mobile structures through vendors that can be rapidly deployed in communities that need them.

ISC continues to quickly process Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) requests, as effectively as possible, to help communities stand ready to respond to COVID-19, and to ensure the safety of healthcare workers and others supporting the delivery of health services. As of July 14, we have shipped 1,024 orders for PPE, including hand sanitizers, N95 masks, isolation shields, and gloves.

To date, the Government of Canada has responded to hundreds of requests from Indigenous communities and organizations to support a variety of measures, which include addressing additional space for medical screening and self-isolation, providing support to Elders, as well as contracting additional medical professionals to support communities in their response to the virus.

As COVID-19 continues to affect Canadians across the country, First Nations, Inuit, and Métis are also facing health, social, and economic challenges. The Government of Canada recognizes that Indigenous Peoples have unique needs, especially those who are separated from their families and communities. It is known that a number of social determinants of health contribute to the possibility of outbreaks in Indigenous communities. Indigenous Peoples in Canada experience higher rates of overcrowding in housing and a higher burden of chronic disease than non-Indigenous Peoples. Some live in remote and isolated parts of the country. Lack of opportunity and resources compound longstanding issues that are the legacy of colonization. ISC recognizes that we need to look with a social, economic and cultural lens to provide the proper supports – to keep people safe.

As part of the COVID-19 response, the Government of Canada committed $90 million for Indigenous organizations and communities that are providing services to First Nations off-reserve and Indigenous Peoples living in urban centres during the COVID  19 pandemic. This funding supports community-based projects that address the critical needs of some of the most vulnerable Indigenous populations during this crisis, including food security, mental health support services, and sanitation and protective equipment. It could also help with other needs, such as support for Elders, transportation, and educational materials for Indigenous children and youth.

The Government of Canada also made available funding to address immediate health, economic, and transportation needs in the North. This includes transfers to the governments of Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut to support their COVID-19 health and social services preparations and response and has support air carriers to ensure the continued supply of food and other essential goods and services to remote fly-in communities.

As we look ahead with cautious optimism, the priority remains supporting Indigenous leaders as they work to protect the health, safety and prosperity of communities. We understand that re-opening doesn’t mean the same for everyone.

Last week, the Special Advisory Committee’s Public Health Working Group on Remote and Isolated Indigenous Communities released guidance on re-opening to assist Indigenous leadership in making decisions as we proceed through this pandemic. The Working Group includes representatives from national and regional First Nation, Inuit and Métis organizations, health authorities, as well as federal, provincial and territorial governments.

No community will be left behind. The Government of Canada stands ready to support communities to respond to their needs, according to their priorities, and recognize that we can only do this in close collaboration with Indigenous leadership across this country.

July 17, 2020

TORONTO, ON — The Indigenous Screen Office (ISO) is pleased to announce that the application process is open for the disbursement of $2 million in COVID-19 Emergency Relief Funding to support Indigenous-led production companies impacted by the pandemic.

The Emergency Relief Fund for Productions will grant eligible Indigenous productions up to $50,000 and will be awarded on a first-come-first-serve basis until the fund allocation has been depleted. The relief funding will support COVID-19-related business continuity and expenses such as health and safety consultants, extended production dates and associated costs, Personal Protective Equipment, and insurance. This fund developed to support projects in production or post-production during the period of March 15, 2020 to December 31, 2020. 

ISO is working on a Development Grants Program which will launch in late August for development for companies and individual creators while the partnership grants will support training and skills development. ISO will also be launching a Solidarity Fund for racialized screen creators in partnership with the Racial Equity Media Collective (REMC) with a focus on reaching Black creators.

Funding for the program comes from the Canada Media Fund’s 15 per cent allocation of the Government of Canada’s COVID-19 Emergency Support Fund for Cultural, Heritage and Sport Organizations that will be invested through targeted initiatives to ensure equity, including by region, language and for underrepresented groups. The total of this allocation will be $13.3M in emergency funding.

Please visit here to view the application process: ISO Emergency Relief Funding 

The Government of Canada has affirmed Greenland’s right to take part in the environmental assessment of an iron ore mine expansion project that could see a railroad built on Baffin Island and ship traffic increase in the Canadian Arctic and beyond.

Greenland’s concerns hinge on how the expansion of the Mary River Mine could impact wildlife — narwhals, in particular — a concern also raised by subsistence hunters and community members in Nunavut as Baffinland Iron Mines Corp. seeks to increase production. 

Baffinland opened the Mary River Mine on north Baffin Island in 2014 — the northernmost mine in Canada. The company is now looking to double its capacity under a second phase of development, which is under review by the Nunavut Impact Review Board. 

That assessment process has seen various technical meetings and public hearings throughout 2019, which included Inuit organizations, hunters and trappers organizations, communities,  federal and territorial government departments and environmental groups.

The Kingdom of Denmark also requested a say in the process, on behalf of its autonomous territory of Greenland, in a letter submitted to the Impact Assessment Agency of Canada in February. The foreign government argued its rights to consult on the project under a United Nations treaty to which both Canada and Denmark are signatories.

In a letter posted to the review board’s registry on June 25, the agency confirmed the Espoo Convention — signed in 1991, laying out consultation obligations for development projects that pose transboundary impacts — applies to Baffinland’s proposed expansion project.

In the letter, Tara Frezza, director of intergovernmental affairs at the agency, calls on the review board to alert the Government of Denmark to “the likely significant adverse transboundary impacts, including impacts on marine mammals, accidents and malfunctions, invasive species and any mitigation measures and alternatives being considered.” 

She added that Denmark must be informed of any possible transboundary impacts of the expansion project and be consulted on their significance. 

Karen Costello, the executive director of the review board, told The Narwhal all information from interested parties will be considered in the review process — and confirmed Greenland is an interested party. 

“We will look forward to whatever their concerns are,” she said.

What are Greenland’s concerns about the Mary River Mine? 

Ore-laden ships travel from Mary River’s Milne Inlet port through Eclipse Sound to Baffin Bay, along the west coast of Greenland, to reach Europe where the ore is transported to market. 

Increased traffic on the route raises concerns for Greenland because ships will travel through sensitive marine mammal habitat, including that of narwhal. 

“Overall, the transportation of the iron ore in the Mary River project must be considered one of the greatest threats to marine mammals in the Arctic,” says a memo from Greenland’s Directorate for the Environment and Nature, included in Denmark’s February letter to Canada, adding that there are risks of oil spills and collisions with whales.

Mads Peter Heide Jørgensen and Fernando Ugarte, the memo’s authors, state that Eclipse Sound, which Milne Inlet opens into, is home to 10 per cent of the world’s population of narwhal, which are “incredibly noise-sensitive.” 

“Most of their food intake takes place during winter in the dense but moving ice pack at depths of between 1,000 and 2,000 metres,” the memo says. “These are areas that are known to be very quiet, and precisely the silence is something that the narwhals rely on when hunting fish at great depths.” 

If Baffinland’s proposed plan goes ahead, noise created by ships could permanently prevent  narwhal from feeding in the area, the memo says.

Narwhals are almost entirely dependent on auditory cues for communication, navigation and accessing food. As a result, they’ve been identified as the Arctic marine mammal most threatened by Arctic shipping.

“We’re talking about an animal that has lived in relative isolation from the effects of industrial development and they’re now going to be exposed to potentially regular shipping,” Brandon Laforest, a senior specialist in Arctic species and ecosystems for WWF-Canada, told The Narwhal last year. 

For a whole variety of reasons, narwhals have been identified as the most susceptible Arctic marine mammal to climate change.

“They have a very limited range, they have a very low genetic diversity and very specific food habits that are passed down through generations. And they also rely on sea ice,” Laforest said.

Greenland’s memo also noted that ice-breaking and ship traffic could affect the habitat of seals, walruses and whales, noting that bowhead whales are just returning to the area after virtually disappearing for 100 years.

Where is the process at now?

The November public hearing about the expansion project ground to a halt two days early — and with only a fraction of the agenda covered — after Nunavut Tunngavik Inc., the land claims representative for Nunavut Inuit, motioned to adjourn, seeing too many unanswered questions. Meetings were rescheduled for March, and then put on hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic limiting both travel and public gatherings.

Costello said information on the process moving forward, such as timelines, will be sent to all parties involved later this month. 

This could signal a possible reboot of the beleaguered assessment process for Mary River phase two — one that has now gained international attention and participation.

Once the process is complete, the review board will issue a recommendation to the federal government on whether or not to allow the expansion project to go forward.

Métis Nation – Saskatchewan invites everyone to ‘Virtual Back to Batoche,’ online Gathering

Saskatoon, SK – Back to Batoche is an annual celebration which brings people together from all across North America to recognize and celebrate the Métis Nation’s rich culture, traditions and heritage. Since 1970, the festival has been held annually at the national historic site commemorating the 1885 North-West Resistance and location of The Battle of Batoche.

We are all doing things a little differently this summer, and Métis Nation–Saskatchewan (MN– S) is no exception. Due to COVID-19, MN–S postponed the 50th-anniversary celebrations until 2021, marking the first postponement since Back to Batoche began. In place of a physical gathering, MN-S turned to their friends at Canadian Geographic to assist them in welcoming everyone to come together online for Back to Batoche in 2020. The digital experience of Canadian Geographic, combined with Back to Batoche means community coming together from across the globe for a Virtual Back to Batoche.

There will still be something for all ages and a celebration of Métis culture and history with music, dance, and education. There are also competitions in jigging, fiddling, and square dancing, where competitors can upload videos and compete. MN-S will bring the Back to Batoche feel to your home through desktops and smartphones.

Batoche Minister Sherry McLennan said, “We are each woven into our Métis culture like the threads of a sash; different colours, different patterns. But one thing remains the same in a Métis’ heart – when the Métis hear the sound of the fiddle, our feet start tapping, our hands start clapping, our hearts beat together in true Métis spirit.”

Clap your hands and tap your feet along with MN-S, Canadian Geographic, and friends from across the street and around the globe during Virtual Back to Batoche. With live-streamed events at backtobatochedays.ca, Thursday, July 23 to Sunday, July 26, you won’t want to miss the experience.

A full event schedule and competition regulations will be released soon.

July 15, 2020 — Ottawa, Ontario — Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada

The Government of Canada is working in partnership with Indigenous peoples to renew the relationship based on affirmation of rights, respect, co-operation and partnership.

A historic agreement has been concluded for the settlement of the Halifax County 1919 Invalid Surrender Specific Claim with Sipekne’katik and the Millbrook First Nation. The parties agreed upon a compensation amount of $49,204,071 to settle the specific claim.

This specific claim addresses the issue of Canada breaching its duties with respect to the surrender and sale of three reserves of the Halifax County Band, which subsequently divided into what is today Sipekne’katik and the Millbrook First Nation. The reserves, IR#15 at Sambro, IR#16 at Ingram River, and IR#18 at Ship Harbour, were set aside in 1784, 1820, and 1848 respectively. Canada accepted this claim for negotiation in 2008 on the basis that Canada failed to conduct a surrender meeting and surrender vote in accordance with the Indian Act.

Settling this specific claim is a significant step on the journey to reconciliation with Sipekne’katik and the Millbrook First Nation, helping to right past wrongs and create a better future for the members of these communities.

Canada will keep working in partnership on the priorities of Sipekne’katik and the Millbrook First Nation, and advance on the path of reconciliation.